Abstract There are more than 1 billion people with disabilities worldwide, with 16% of children having some type of neurodevelopmental disorder (ND). In Mexico, 6% of the population presented some disability; however, there is a lack of data on ND in children under 5 years of age. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of neurodevelopmental alterations in children under 5 years of age in urban, suburban, and rural populations from two states of Mexico. Methods: This was an observational and cross-sectional design study. We included 501 clinically healthy children from 0 to 60 months of age, from urban, suburban, and rural populations from the state of Queretaro (201) and from the State of Mexico (300). Neurodevelopmental alterations were detected through the electronic N-PED system, exploring areas of neurological development of language, psychomotor, and sensory (auditory and visual). The positive subjects were clinically assessed to confirm the diagnosis. Results: A 14.7% prevalence of ND was found, with a significant difference between Queretaro (8.9%) and the State of Mexico (18.7%). Language alterations were significantly different for both states (4.9% and 16% for Queretaro and the State of Mexico, respectively). Conclusions: The prevalence of ND and language alterations presented significant differences between the two evaluated states.

Resumen Hay más de mil millones de personas con discapacidad en todo el mundo, el 16% de los niños tiene algún tipo de trastorno del desarrollo neurológico (DN). En México, 6% de la población presenta alguna discapacidad; sin embargo, faltan datos en niños menores de 5 años. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de alteraciones del neurodesarrollo en menores de 5 años, en poblaciones urbanas, suburbanas y rurales, de 2 estados de México. Métodos: Estudio observacional, de diseño transversal. Se incluyeron 501 niños, clínicamente sanos, de 0 a 60 meses de edad, de poblaciones urbanas, suburbanas y rurales de Querétaro (201) y del Estado de México (300). Se detectaron alteraciones del neurodesarrollo a través del sistema electrónico N-PED, explorando áreas del lenguaje, psicomotor y sensorial (auditivo y visual). Los sujetos positivos fueron evaluados clínicamente para confirmar el diagnóstico. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de trastornos del DN de 14.7%, con una diferencia significativa entre Querétaro (8.9%) y el Estado de México (18.7%). Las alteraciones del lenguaje fueron significativamente diferentes para ambos estados (4.9% y 16% para Querétaro y el Estado de México, respectivamente). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de trastornos del DN y del lenguaje, presentaron diferencias significativas entre los dos estados evaluados.

Abstract Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health problem. Root canal microbiota associated with apical periodontitis represents a well-known reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). However, the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in this reservoir is unknown. This study aimed to establish if root canal microbiota associated with apical periodontitis in T2DM patients is an augmented reservoir by identifying the prevalence of nine common ARGs and comparing it with the prevalence in nondiabetic patients. Methodology This cross-sectional study included two groups: A T2DM group conformed of 20 patients with at least ten years of living with T2DM and a control group of 30 nondiabetic participants. Premolar or molar teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis were included. A sample was collected from each root canal before endodontic treatment. DNA was extracted, and ARGs were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Results tetW and tetM genes were the most frequent (93.3 and 91.6%, respectively), while ermA was the least frequent (8.3%) in the total population. The distribution of the ARGs was similar in both groups, but a significant difference (p<0.005) was present in ermB, ermC, cfxA, and tetQ genes, being more frequent in the T2DM group. A total of eighty percent of the T2DM patients presented a minimum of four ARGs, while 76.6% of the control group presented a maximum of three. Conclusions Root canal microbiota associated with apical periodontitis in T2DM patients carries more ARGs. Therefore, this pathological niche could be considered an augmented reservoir.

Abstract Background: The antioxidant function of iodine and iodine deficiency as a risk factor of preeclampsia have been previously reported. Aim: To analyze the association between iodine deficiency, oxidative stress and antioxidant status with hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HPD). Method: Fifty-seven pregnant women were recruited in the last trimester of pregnancy; 20 were diagnosed with hypertensive disease (HPD) of pregnancy and 37 were normotensive pregnant women. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), TSH, free T4 (fT4), total antioxidant status (FRP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and oxidative stress (TBARS) were evaluated by colorimetric methods. Results: UIC median for all pregnant women was 151.9 µg/l. The UIC for pregnant women with HPD was 50-149 µg/l, compared to 150-249 µg/l in normotensive women. No significant differences in levels of TSH and fT4 in normotensive pregnant compared with HPD women were found. Pregnant women with HPD had significant high levels of TBARS, and significant low levels of FRP, SOD, CAT and UIC compared to normotensive pregnant. In addition, pregnant women with optimal levels of UIC had a higher SOD activity (r = 0.354, p = 0.011), while iodine deficiency was associated with HPD (r = -0,281, p = 0.039). Similarly, pregnant women with HPD had a significant negative association with SOD activity (r = -0.702, p = 0.005), CAT (r = -0.409, p = 0.002), and FRP (r = -0.624, p = 0.003), and a positive association with TBARS (r = 0.744, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Iodine contributes to redox balance during pregnancy; its deficiency is associated with HPD. This study shows the importance of iodine during pregnancy.

Resumen Antecedentes: previamente se han reportado la función antioxidante del yodo y su deficiencia como un factor de riesgo de preeclampsia. Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre la deficiencia de yodo, el estrés oxidativo y el estado antioxidante con la enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo (HPD). Métodos: cincuenta y siete mujeres embarazadas se reclutaron en el último trimestre del embarazo, 20 diagnosticadas de enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo y 37 gestantes normotensas. La concentración urinaria de yodo (UIC), TSH, T4 libre (hT4), estado antioxidante total (FRP), superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT), y estrés oxidativo (TBARS) se evaluaron por métodos colorimétricos. Resultados: la mediana de UIC para todas las mujeres embarazadas fue de 151,9 µg/l. La UIC para las mujeres embarazadas con HPD fue de entre 50 y 149 µg/l, comparada con 150-249 µg/l de las gestantes normotensas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los niveles de TSH y fT4 en embarazadas normotensas y en mujeres con HPD. Las mujeres embarazadas con HPD tuvieron niveles altos de TBARS y niveles bajos de FRP, SOD, CAT y UIC comparadas con las gestantes normotensas. Además, las mujeres gestantes con niveles óptimos de UIC tuvieron la actividad SOD más alta (r = 0,354, p = 0,011), mientras que la deficiencia de yodo se asoció con HPD (r = -0,281, p = 0,039). De manera similar, las gestantes con HPD tuvieron una asociación negativa con la actividad de SOD (r = -0,702, p = 0,005), CAT (r = -0,409, p = 0,002) y FRP (r = -0,624, p = 0,003), y una asociación positiva con TBARS (r = 0,744, p = 0,001). Conclusión: el yodo coadyuva en el balance redox durante la gestación; su deficiencia está asociada con HPD. Este estudio muestra la importancia del yodo durante la gestación.

Objective: To assess iodine nutrition and thyroid function in Mexican childbearing age women. Methods: 101 childbearing age women (21.7 ± 3.5 years) randomly selected from the university student population participated in this cross-sectional study. TSH, thyroid hormones, anti-thyroid antibodies, thyroid volume, iodine intake, and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) were assessed. The knowledge about the importance of iodine in nutrition was also evaluated by using questionnaires. Results: TSH median (interquartile range) value was 1.9 (1.4-2.5) mlU/L, while FT4 median value was 9.0 (8.39.6) μμg/dL. The median FT3 and total rT3 values were 3.3 pg/mL and 40.1 μg/dL, respectively. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (serum TSH >4.5 mlU/L) and of positive anti-thyroid antibodies were 2.9% and <5.9%, respectively. Median thyroid volume was 5.6 mL and none of the subjects were diagnosed with goiter. Median urinary iodine concentration was 146 (104-180) μg/L. As for the knowledge of iodine nutrition, only 37.6% considered that a pregnant woman needs more dietary iodine than a non pregnant woman, while 43.6% recognized that the lack of iodine can cause mental retardation in children. Conclusions: Prevalence of thyroid test function abnormalities was low in this population and the median UIC indicates adequate iodine intake. We also found a poor knowledge about the importance iodine nutrition in the studied population.

Objetivo: Evaluar el estado nutricional en yodo y la función tiroidea en mujeres mexicanas en edad reproductiva. Métodos: 101 mujeres universitarias en edad reproductiva (21,7 ± 3,5 años) fueron seleccionadas al azar para participar en este estudio transversal. Se evaluaron los niveles séricos de tirotropina, hormonas tiroideas, anticuerpos anti-tiroideos, volumen tiroideo, consumo de yodo y yoduria. También se evaluó el conocimiento sobre la importancia del yodo en la nutrición. Resultados: La mediana (rango intercuartilar) de tirotropina fue de 1,9 (1,4-2,5) mIU/L, mientras que para T4 libre fue de 9,0 (8,3-9,6) μg/dL. Los valores de la mediana de T3 libre y T3 reversa fueron de 3,3 pg/mL y 40,1 μg/dL, respectivamente. La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo subclínico fue 2,9% (tirotropina sérica >4,5 mUI/L). La prevalencia de anticuerpos antitiroideos positivos fue <5,9%. La mediana del volumen tiroideo fue de 5,6 mL y no se diagnosticaron mujeres con bocio. La mediana (rango intercuartilar) de la yoduria fue de 146 (104-180) μg/L. En cuanto al conocimiento de la importancia del yodo en la nutrición, el 37,6% consideró que las mujeres gestantes requieren más yodo en la dieta que las no gestantes, mientras que el 43,6% reconoció que la deficiencia de yodo puede causar retraso mental en los infantes. Conclusiones: Se encontró una baja prevalencia de alteraciones en las pruebas de función tiroidea, mientras que la mediana de la yoduria indicó un adecuado consumo de yodo. También se encontró un conocimiento bajo acerca de la importancia del yodo en la nutrición.

OBJETIVO E MÉTODOS: Estimar a concentração de iodo urinário (CIU) mediana e correlacioná-la com os indicadores de nutrição geral e com o índice de desigualdade social (IDS) de 50 escolas estaduais de ensino fundamental de 10 municípios do estado de Querétaro, no México. RESULTADOS: Utilizou-se um total de 1.544 crianças e encontrou-se uma ingestão acima das necessidades de iodo (CIU mediana de 297 µg/L). O nível de iodo determinado foi deficiente, adequado, mais do que adequado e excessivo em 2, 4, 19 e 25 escolas, respectivamente. Setenta e sete por cento de amostras de sal de mesa mostraram uma quantidade de iodo adequada (20-40 ppm), enquanto 9,6% das amostras tinham um teor de iodo baixo (< 15 ppm). As medianas de CIU por escola foram correlacionadas positivamente com as medianas do índice de massa corporal (IMC) usando o desvio-padrão da contagem (DP) (r = 0,47; p < 0.005), o DP da altura (r = 0,41; p < 0.05) e a prevalência de sobrepeso e de obesidade (r = 0,41; p < 0,05). As medianas de CUI por escola foram correlacionadas negativamente com a prevalência de desnutrição (r = -0.39; p = 005) e com o índice de desigualdade social (r = -0.36; p < 0,05). Os melhores modelos de regressão múltipla mostraram que a DP do IMC e a altura foram relacionados significativamente com a CIU (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma convivência entre os dois extremos de ingestão de iodo (insuficiente e excessiva). Em nosso conhecimento, a correlação positiva entre a CIU, o excesso de peso e a obesidade não foi descrita anteriormente e poderia ser explicada pela disponibilidade e consumo de alimentos ou refeições ricos(as) em energia e sal iodado.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To estimate median urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and to correlate it with global nutrition indicators and social gap index (SGI) in 50 elementary state schools from 10 municipalities in the State of Queretaro, Mexico. RESULTS: 1,544 students were enrolled and an above of requirements of iodine intake was found (median UIC of 297 µg/L). Iodine status was found as deficient, adequate, more than adequate and excessive in 2, 4, 19 and 25 schools, respectively. Seventy seven percent of table salt samples showed adequate iodine content (20-40 ppm), while 9.6% of the samples had low iodine content (< 15 ppm). Medians of UIC per school were positively correlated with medians of body mass index (BMI) by using the standard deviation score (SDS) (r = 0.47; p < 0.005), height SDS (r = 0.41; p < 0.05), and overweight and obesity prevalence (r = 0.41; p < 0.05). Medians of UIC per school were negatively correlated with stunting prevalence (r = -0.39; p = 005) and social gap index (r = -0.36; p < 0.05). Best multiple regression models showed that BMI SDS and height were significantly related with UIC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is coexistence between the two extremes of iodine intake (insufficient and excessive). To our knowledge, the observed positive correlation between UIC and overweight and obesity has not been described before, and could be explained by the availability and consumption of snack food rich in energy and iodized salt.

Importancia del yodo en la gestación. El yodo es un nutrimento constituyente indispensable de las hormonas tiroideas (HT). Las HT participan activamente en periodos críticos del desarrollo cerebral durante las etapas embrionaria, fetal y posnatal. Por lo tanto la ausencia o deficiencia de las HT o de yodo en estas etapas del desarrollo produce un daño cerebral irreversible. De hecho, se sabe que la deficiencia de yodo es la principal causa de daño cerebral prevenible en el mundo. Debido a los ajustes fisiológicos propios de la gestación los requerimientos de yodo se incrementan notablemente, pasando de 150 μg al día en la mujer adulta no gestante a 250 μg al día durante el embarazo. Por otra parte, estudios epidemiológicos recientes hechos en todo el mundo muestran que el consumo de yodo durante la gestación es insuficiente en varios países; incluso en países desarrollados como Australia y España e Italia. En la presente revisión se da un panorama general de la importancia del consumo adecuado de yodo durante la gestación.

Iodine is an essential constituent of thyroid hormones (TH). TH actively take part in critical periods of brain development during embryonic, fetal and postnatal stages. Therefore the absence of TH or iodine in these critical periods produces an irreversible brain damage. In fact, it is known that iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable brain damage worldwide. Because of the physiological adjustments during pregnancy iodine requirements increase significantly from 150 μg per day in non-pregnant adult women to 250 μg per day. Moreover, recent epidemiological studies around the world show that iodine intake during pregnancy is insufficient in many countries, even in developed countries like Australia, Spain and Italy. In the present work an overview of the importance of iodine nutrition during pregnancy is given.

El cáncer mamario es la neoplasia más común en la mujer a nivel mundial y debido a que no se conoce su etiología no se ha logrado establecer una estrategia efectiva de prevención. Los principales factores de riesgo asociados al cáncer mamario se clasifican en: hereditarios, endocrino-reproductivos y factores ambientales; entre los que se incluye la dieta. Los modelos animales de inducción química de cáncer mamario con los carcinógenos 7, 12-dimetilbenzo;antraceno y N-metil-N-nitrosourea han sido de gran utilidad para el estudio de la biología del cáncer mamario así como de su tratamiento y prevención. En esta revisión presentamos la utilidad y ventajas de dichos modelos animales en el estudio de factores nutricionales asociados al cáncer mamario para la generación de estrategias de prevención. Se revisa brevemente diferentes estrategias y abordajes experimentales así como efectos fisiológicos y mecanismo de acción de algunos de los factores nutricionales estudiados con estos modelos de carcinogénesis mamaria. Los factores nutricionales que abordamos son: a) la restricción dietaria de energía y el exceso de grasa, b) la soya y los fitoestrógenos, c) los retinoides y carotenoides, d) el ácido linoleico conjugado, y e) las algas marinas y el yodo.

Breast cancer is the most common worldwide neoplasia in women. The totality of etiology factors of breast cancer is unknown and thus an effective preventive strategy has not been developed. Risk factors associated to breast cancer can be grouped into three broad categories: a) family history (hereditary) factors, b) endocrine and reproductive factors and c) environmental and life-style factors including diet. Animal models of chemical induced mammary carcinogenesis with 7, 12-dimethylbenz; anthracene and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea have been useful in the study of biology, treatment and prevention of breast cancer. In this review we show the usefulness and advantages of animal models in the study of nutritional factors associated with breast cancer in order to propose new prevention strategies. We review briefly different experimental approaches as well as some physiologic effects and mechanisms of some nutritional factors studied with animal models of mammary carcinogenesis. Nutritional factors reviewed were: a) energy restriction and high-fat intake, b) soy and phytoestrogens, c) retinoids and carotenoids, d) conjugated linoleic acid, and e) brown seaweed and iodine.